Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 patients in a Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, and global literature review

Abstract Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a myriad of cutaneous manifestations have been described in association with this viral infection. However, in Latin America, this kind of data is still scarce. Objective: In this sense, the goal of this study was to describe the dermatological findings observed during SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a Brazilian Hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study of 50 cases of new-onset dermatologic symptoms in patients with COVID-19, treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, from February to June 2020. Results: The patients (n = 50) were classified into 6 groups, according to the elementary lesions and the statistical analysis was performed. The most common cutaneous lesions were maculopapular eruptions (44%), necrosis, purpura, and livedo (32%), urticarial lesions (12%), pseudochilblains (4%) and papular-vesicular eruption (4%). In 46% of the patients the cutaneous lesions occurred in association with other symptoms, such as pruritus (38%), pain and burning sensation (8%). Lower limbs were affected in 44% of the cases, followed by the trunk (38%), upper limbs (24%) and face (14%). Cutaneous lesions were mostly found after other COVID-19 systemic symptoms, with a mean period between the viral syndrome and cutaneous signs of 5 days (SD = 6.1 days). Study limitations: It is a small sample, in a single-center study, with patients exclusively from a private Hospitals. Conclusions: Patients in Brazil have the same proportion of lesions as revealed in other studies in Europa. The compiled data is essential for a better understanding of cutaneous manifestations deemed secondary to COVID.

Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 patients in a Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, and global literature review.

BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a myriad of cutaneous manifestations have been described in association with this viral infection. However, in Latin America, this kind of data is still scarce. OBJECTIVE: In this sense, the goal of this study was to describe the dermatological findings observed during SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a Brazilian Hospital. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study of 50 cases of new-onset dermatologic symptoms in patients with COVID-19, treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, from February to June 2020. RESULTS: The patients (n = 50) were classified into 6 groups, according to the elementary lesions and the statistical analysis was performed. The most common cutaneous lesions were maculopapular eruptions (44%), necrosis, purpura, and livedo (32%), urticarial lesions (12%), pseudochilblains (4%) and papular-vesicular eruption (4%). In 46% of the patients the cutaneous lesions occurred in association with other symptoms, such as pruritus (38%), pain and burning sensation (8%). Lower limbs were affected in 44% of the cases, followed by the trunk (38%), upper limbs (24%) and face (14%). Cutaneous lesions were mostly found after other COVID-19 systemic symptoms, with a mean period between the viral syndrome and cutaneous signs of 5 days (SD = 6.1 days). STUDY LIMITATIONS: It is a small sample, in a single-center study, with patients exclusively from a private Hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in Brazil have the same proportion of lesions as revealed in other studies in Europa. The compiled data is essential for a better understanding of cutaneous manifestations deemed secondary to COVID.

Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The 18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.

Consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis - Brazilian Society of Dermatology

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory and pruritic dermatosis with a multifactorial etiology, which includes skin barrier defects, immune dysfunction, and microbiome alterations. Atopic dermatitis is mediated by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors and requires therapeutic management that covers all the aspects of its complex pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to present the experience, opinions, and recommendations of Brazilian dermatology experts regarding the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Eighteen experts from 10 university hospitals with experience in atopic dermatitis were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to organize a consensus on the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. The 18 experts answered an online questionnaire with 14 questions related to the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Afterwards, they analyzed the recent international guidelines on atopic dermatitis of the American Academy of Dermatology, published in 2014, and of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, published in 2018. Consensus was defined as approval by at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The experts stated that the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis is based on skin hydration, topical anti-inflammatory agents, avoidance of triggering factors, and educational programs. Systemic therapy, based on immunosuppressive agents, is only indicated for severe refractory disease and after failure of topical therapy. Early detection and treatment of secondary bacterial and viral infections is mandatory, and hospitalization may be needed to control atopic dermatitis flares. Novel target-oriented drugs such as immunobiologicals are invaluable therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis.

Atypical Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.

We report the case of a male 22-month-old child, with atypical presentation of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome after infection with Epstein-Barr virus.

Atypical Gianotti-Crosti syndrome

Abstract: We report the case of a male 22-month-old child, with atypical presentation of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome after infection with Epstein-Barr virus.

Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with left iliac vein compression syndrome: presentation of difficult diagnosis.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis of unknown etiology, of which the most frequent clinical manifestations are ulcers. The diagnosis difficulty is, among other things, to rule out other causes of ulcers, since it is considered a diagnosis of exclusion. Skin ulcerations may also occur in the iliac vein compression syndrome, which, like pyoderma gangrenosum, mainly affects young women. Because they have such similar characteristics, the presence of vascular disease may hinder the diagnosis of concurrent pyoderma gangrenosum. Because of the clinical relevance of ulcerated lesions and scars, the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition is considered extremely important. We report a case in which the two diseases were associated, hampering the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum.

Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with left iliac vein compression syndrome: presentation of difficult diagnosis

Abstract: Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare neutrophilic dermatosis of unknown etiology, of which the most frequent clinical manifestations are ulcers. The diagnosis difficulty is, among other things, to rule out other causes of ulcers, since it is considered a diagnosis of exclusion. Skin ulcerations may also occur in the iliac vein compression syndrome, which, like pyoderma gangrenosum, mainly affects young women. Because they have such similar characteristics, the presence of vascular disease may hinder the diagnosis of concurrent pyoderma gangrenosum. Because of the clinical relevance of ulcerated lesions and scars, the early diagnosis and treatment of this condition is considered extremely important. We report a case in which the two diseases were associated, hampering the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum.

Pruritus in cholestasis / Prurido na colestase

Pruritus represents one of the main clinical complaints in medical practice, and leads to significant impairment of life quality and some discomfort. Although the knowledge of its main primary and secondary etiologies is well-established in Internal Medicine, especially in Hepatology, its pathophysiological basis and specific therapeutic-directed approaches are still very complex and need a proper systematization for comprehension. This review aims to present the main current themes regarding the main clinical, pathophysiological, therapeutical and management aspects of cholestasis-associated pruritus. METHODS: The authors performed a wide review of practical clinical guidelines, review articles and original articles from manuscripts published and indexed in PubMed. CONCLUSIONS: Pruritus in cholestasis represents a complex symptom in clinical practice and can be secondary to different pathophysiological mechanisms; its early recognition allows a proper therapeutic approach in most cases.

O prurido representa uma das principais queixas clínicas na prática médica e origina importante comprometimento da qualidade de vida, além de desconforto. Apesar de suas principais etiologias primárias e secundárias serem de conhecimento bem estabelecido na Clínica Médica, em especial na Hepatologia, suas bases fisiopatológicas e os princípios da terapêutica específica direcionada são bastante complexos e necessitam uma sistematização adequada para sua compreensão apropriada. Esta revisão objetiva abordar os principais temas atuais referentes às bases clínicas, fisiopatológicas, terapêuticas e de manejo do prurido relacionados à colestase. Os autores realizaram ampla revisão em diretrizes clínicas práticas, artigos de revisão e publicações originais de artigos publicados e indexados na base PubMed. O prurido na colestase representa um sintoma complexo na prática clínica e pode decorrer de diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos secundários. Seu reconhecimento precoce possibilita a abordagem terapêutica apropriada na maioria dos casos.

Elastoma: clinical and histopathological aspects of a rare disease

Abstract Elastoma is a connective tissue nevus characterized by changes in elastic fibers. It can be congenital or acquired, and is usually diagnosed before puberty. Associated with osteopoikilosis, it is known as Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Histopathology with specific staining for elastic fibers is critical for a diagnostic conclusion. This report describes the case of a 7-year-old male patient with lesions diagnosed as elastoma, with absence of bone changes in the radiological imaging. This study aims to report the clinical presentation and histological examination of such unusual disease.

Elastoma: clinical and histopathological aspects of a rare disease.

Elastoma is a connective tissue nevus characterized by changes in elastic fibers. It can be congenital or acquired, and is usually diagnosed before puberty. Associated with osteopoikilosis, it is known as Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Histopathology with specific staining for elastic fibers is critical for a diagnostic conclusion. This report describes the case of a 7-year-old male patient with lesions diagnosed as elastoma, with absence of bone changes in the radiological imaging. This study aims to report the clinical presentation and histological examination of such unusual disease.

Generalized Lichen nitidus associated with Down's syndrome: case report.

Lichen nitidus is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by flesh-colored, shiny papules of 1-2 mm and generally asymptomatic or with mild pruritus. The most common sites of occurrence are genitalia, upper limbs, trunk and abdomen. The generalized form is rare. This is the fourth reported case of lichen nitidus associated with Down Syndrome.

Generalized Lichen nitidus associated with Down's syndrome: case report / Liquen nítido geneneralizado associado à síndrome de Down: relato de caso

Lichen nitidus is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by flesh-colored, shiny papules of 1-2 mm and generally asymptomatic or with mild pruritus. The most common sites of occurrence are genitalia, upper limbs, trunk and abdomen. The generalized form is rare. This is the fourth reported case of lichen nitidus associated with Down Syndrome.

Líquen nítido é uma doença de etiologia desconhecida, caracterizada por pápulas normocrômicas, brilhantes medindo de 1 a 2 milímetros de diâmetro, geralmente assintomáticas ou com leve prurido. A forma mais comum é a localizada nos genitais, membros superiores, tronco e abdome. A forma generalizada é rara. Este é o quarto relato de caso descrito de líquen nítido associado à Síndrome de Down.

Do you know this syndrome? Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by varying degrees of oculocutaneous albinism, recurrent infections, bleeding disorders and variable neurological involvement. The treatment consists of bone marrow transplantation, which corrects the immunologic and hematologic defects. Untreated patients die as the result of bacterial infections or develop "accelerated phase" lymphoproliferation. We present a case of Chediak-Higashi syndrome and discuss the clinical and laboratorial features that determine its diagnosis.

A study of the correlation between molluscum contagiosum and atopic dermatitis in children.

BACKGROUND: Although no scientific evidence has yet been published, it is widely understood that molluscum contagiosum tends to be more common and more intense in patients with atopic dermatitis. This lack of evidence led to the development of the present study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of the association between atopic dermatitis and molluscum contagiosum; to evaluate whether molluscum contagiosum is more likely to be recurrent and/or disseminated in patients with atopic dermatitis and whether the occurrence of eczema surrounding the molluscum contagiosum lesions, pruritus and/or infection is more prevalent in these patients compared to patients without atopic dermatitis. METHODS: A total of 284 children of both sexes with a diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum and/or atopic dermatitis were evaluated. RESULTS: Only 13.4% of the patients had both conditions. The number of anatomical areas affected by molluscum contagiosum and the occurrence of surrounding eczema and pruritus was greater in the patients who also had atopic dermatitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of secondary infection associated with the molluscum contagiosum lesions between the patients who had atopic dermatitis and those who did not. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis associated with molluscum contagiosum was low. There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rates associated with molluscum contagiosum or in the number of lesions between the patients who had atopic dermatitis and those who did not. The number of anatomical areas affected by the molluscum contagiosum lesions and the presence of surrounding eczema and pruritus were higher in the patients with atopic dermatitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of secondary bacterial infection between the groups with and without atopic dermatitis.

Estudo da correlação entre molusco contagioso e dermatite atópica em crianças / A study of the correlation between molluscum contagiosum and atopic dermatitis in children

FUNDAMENTOS: É bastante divulgado, sem a fundamentação científica necessária, que a infecção por molusco contagioso tende a ser mais frequente e de maior intensidade nos pacientes acometidos por dermatite atópica. Tal fato motivou a realização deste trabalho. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de associação de dermatite atópica e molusco contagioso; avaliar se, nos pacientes com dermatite atópica, a infecção por molusco contagioso é mais recorrente e/ou disseminada e se a ocorrência de eczema perimolusco, prurido e/ou infecção é mais prevalente que nos pacientes sem dermatite atópica. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 284 crianças de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de molusco contagioso e/ ou dermatite atópica. RESULTADOS: Apenas 13,4 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam ambas as doenças. O número de áreas anatômicas afetadas por molusco contagioso, a ocorrência de eczema perimolusco e prurido foram maiores nos pacientes com dermatite atópica associada. Não houve diferença significativa de frequência de infecção secundária associada às lesões de molusco contagioso nos pacientes com e sem dermatite atópica. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da ocorrência de dermatite atópica e molusco contagioso associados foi baixa. Não houve diferença significativa na recorrência da infecção por molusco contagioso e na quantidade de lesões nos pacientes com e sem dermatite atópica. O número de áreas anatômicas afetadas por lesões de molusco contagioso, a presença de eczema perimolusco e de prurido foram maiores nos pacientes com dermatite atópica. Não houve diferença significativa na ocorrência de infecção bacteriana secundária nos grupos com e sem dermatite atópica.

BACKGROUND: Although no scientific evidence has yet been published, it is widely understood that molluscum contagiosum tends to be more common and more intense in patients with atopic dermatitis. This lack of evidence led to the development of the present study. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of the association between atopic dermatitis and molluscum contagiosum; to evaluate whether molluscum contagiosum is more likely to be recurrent and/or disseminated in patients with atopic dermatitis and whether the occurrence of eczema surrounding the molluscum contagiosum lesions, pruritus and/or infection is more prevalent in these patients compared to patients without atopic dermatitis. METHODS: A total of 284 children of both sexes with a diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum and/or atopic dermatitis were evaluated. RESULTS: Only 13.4 percent of the patients had both conditions. The number of anatomical areas affected by molluscum contagiosum and the occurrence of surrounding eczema and pruritus was greater in the patients who also had atopic dermatitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of secondary infection associated with the molluscum contagiosum lesions between the patients who had atopic dermatitis and those who did not. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis associated with molluscum contagiosum was low. There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rates associated with molluscum contagiosum or in the number of lesions between the patients who had atopic dermatitis and those who did not. The number of anatomical areas affected by the molluscum contagiosum lesions and the presence of surrounding eczema and pruritus were higher in the patients with atopic dermatitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of secondary bacterial infection between the groups with and without atopic dermatitis.

Prevalence of dermatosis in scholars in the region of ABC paulista.

BACKGROUND: Literature shows that prevalence of skin diseases in children and adolescents aged 7-14 years is very significant, as well as lack of treatment worsening the situation. OBJECTIVES: An investigative analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in individuals 714 years and focus on whether or not they are related directly to their respective socio-economic status. METHODS: 200 children and adolescents were examined aged 7-14 years,between August and November 2006,100 children in two public schools located in the periphery and 100 in two private schools located in upper middleclass neighborhood in Santo André,located in São Paulo.Investigative method used was the clinical examination of the whole skin, mucous areas and palpable ganglia,and the population sample analyzed according to the chi-square. RESULTS: 87.5% of children had some skin disease.46 dermatoses were found,the most important:a)melanocytic nevi (p <0.001);b)acne grade II (p = 0.004);c)pityriasis alba (p <0.001);d)livedo reticularis (p = 0.025); e)pediculosis (p <0.001);f)asteatosis (p <0.001);g) frictional dermatitis (p = 0.007).Small prevalence of skin diseases was observed in children in public schools (53.14%). CONCLUSIONS: This population sample indicated that 87.5% of children had skin diseases,which prevalence was much higher than those found in the literature(30-50%),showing a lightly enhanced prevalence in public schools.The study showed the neglect of parents and caregivers,indicating the need for interference from public policy,which lack certainly is responsible for high rate and can increase it.